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Uskudar
The district behind Leander’s Tower is Uskudar, the historical location for crossings to the European side.
The 16th century mosques and the monumental fountain in the square, and the miniature §emsi Pasa Mosque and the medrese on the shore, both built by Sinan, are fine examples of Turkish architecture.
The historical Karacaahmet Cemetery is located on the slopes of Uskudar and behind these rise the Carnhca hills. These hills covered with pine groves offer a bird’s eye view of the Bpsphorus and the Princes’ Islands.
Estambul bazar
dagmaf ’s photo
Puerta principal del Bazar, Es una joya de edificio, hay muchas tiendas dentro, son muy amables las personas.
Estambul bazar
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Artuqid Dynasty
There was also a third branch that acquired Harput in 1112 and was independent between 1185-1233.
The dynasty was founded by Artuq, son of Eksük, a general originally
under Malik Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush
I. Tutush appointed Artuq governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuq died in
1091, and his sons Sokman and Ilghazi were expelled from Jerusalem by
the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098; the Fatimids lost the
city to the crusaders the following year.
Sokman and Ilghazi set themselves up in Diyarbakır, Mardin, and
Hasankeyf in the Jezirah, where they came into conflict with the
sultanate of Great Seljuk. Sokman, bey of Mardin, defeated the
crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sokman in
Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi
Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. In 1119 Ilgazi defeated the crusader
Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis.
In 1121 a Seljuk-Artuqid alliance, commanded by Mehmed I of Great
Seljuk and Ilghazi, was defeated by Georgia at the Battle of Didgori.
Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Balak nominally
controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by Ibn al-Khashshab.
Al-Kashshab was assassinated in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control
of Zengi of Mosul. After the death of Balak, the Artuqids were split
between Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman’s son Davud, bey of
Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan. Kara
Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against the Zengids, and while
Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa, the first of the
Crusader states to fall. Hasankeyf became a vassal of Zengi as well.
Kara Aslan’s son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan
Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had
married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In a peace settlement with Kilij Arslan,
Saladin gained control of Artuqid territory, although the Artuqids were
still technically vassals of Mosul, which Saladin did not yet control.
With Artuqid support Saladin eventually took control of Mosul as well.
The Artuklu dynasty still nominally controlled the upper Mesopotamia but their power declined under Ayyubid rule.
Art
Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuklu dynasty left brilliant architectural monuments.
They made the most significant additions to Diyarbakır City Walls. Urfa
Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of
the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden
and Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuklu ruler Salih
Mahmud who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the
Artukid double-headed eagle on its walls.
A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil engineering feat of
Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially
standing Hasankeyf Bridge was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan.
The Great Mosques of Mardin and Silvan were possibly but in any case
considerably developed over the 12th century by several Artuklu rulers
on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of
Dunaysir (now Kızıltepe) was commissioned by Artuklu Bey Yülük Arslan
(1184-1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk
Arslan (1203-1239).
Instead of bottled water get a reusable container to carry water. Also you can get a filter to make your home tap taste more like bottled water. It is definitely more cost efficient.
